Ration coupon system — a system of supplying the population with consumer goods under conditions of shortage. Under this system, to purchase a product one had not only to pay money for it, but also to present a one-time coupon granting the right to buy it. Ration cards (coupons) set specific monthly consumption norms per person.
The essence of the coupon system was that, to buy a scarce product, it was necessary not only to pay money but also to hand over a special coupon authorizing the purchase of that product.
Coupons for food and some consumer goods were obtained at one’s place of registration from the housing office. At the workplace (usually through the trade-union committee), distribution was organized for certain foods and industrial goods obtained through in-kind exchange between enterprises.
The reason the coupon system emerged was the shortage of certain widely used consumer goods.
The purpose of introducing coupons was to provide the population with a minimally guaranteed set of goods. Demand was supposed to decline, since without a coupon the corresponding goods in the state retail network were effectively not sold. In practice, it was sometimes impossible to use coupons if the relevant goods were not available in stores. Some goods, if they were in surplus, were sold without coupons even though coupons were issued for them as well—for example, for salt.
Without a coupon, goods could be bought at markets and from speculators.
The assumed consumption norm could differ depending on the status of the locality; for example, when butter rationing was introduced in Chelyabinsk Oblast in 1981, the norm for Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk, and five other large cities was 200 grams per person per month; for some smaller towns, 150 grams; for most localities, 100 grams. The extent to which coupons could be redeemed for a specific type of product could vary; thus, with a guaranteed norm of 2 kilograms of meat products per person per month, in Chelyabinsk Oblast in 1983 coupons were redeemed 67% for sausages, 23% for poultry meat, and 10% for beef and pork (mainly for war invalids and diabetics). In 1985 the situation with meat supplies worsened, and coupons were redeemed mostly for boiled sausages, pork, and lean mutton.
Perestroika, on the one hand, partially abolished mandatory state deliveries, and on the other hand eliminated the monopoly on foreign trade, as a result of which exporting enterprises and cooperatives accumulated large amounts of money not backed by commodity supply. This led to an increase in shortages of certain goods and some expansion of the coupon system, and as shortages grew in 1989–1990, coupons were introduced everywhere for many food products and some other goods (tobacco products, vodka, sausage, soap, tea, groats, salt, sugar, and in some cases, in remote areas, bread, milk, mayonnaise, laundry detergent, women’s underwear, etc.).
Since large and “closed” cities of the USSR were supplied with food better than the provinces, in attempts to stop nonresidents from taking scarce goods out of the city (meat, meat and fish products), the leadership of some cities began to put forward ideas of introducing coupons for meat. In the late 1970s and the first half of the 1980s, due to the growing food shortage, in some cities and regions of the country (Perm, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Vologda, Zheleznogorsk, and others) attempts were made to regulate consumption by introducing rationing and coupons for certain types of food (meat, meat products, sausage, butter).
The coupon system began to be introduced on a large scale in 1989 and became most widespread in 1990–1991, when the total shortage reached its peak, and both meat products and ordinary goods that had not previously been in short supply began to disappear: sugar, groats, vegetable oil, and others.
The coupon system faded away from the beginning of 1992 due to price liberalization, which caused hyperinflation (in 1992 alone, prices rose 26-fold) and the spread of free trade. For a number of goods in some regions, coupons remained in use longer.