"All-Russian Guardianship for the Protection of Motherhood and Infancy" was a charitable institution established on the initiative of Emperor Nicholas II with the aim of reducing infant mortality in the Russian Empire.
It operated under the patronage of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. The guardianship’s charter was approved on May 4, 1913. By decree of May 31, 1913, Nicholas II allocated for the establishment of the guardianship capital in the amount of 1,010,000 rubles, together with accrued interest, donated at his disposal by the St. Petersburg and Moscow private commercial banks in commemoration of the three-hundredth anniversary of the accession of the House of Romanov.
The guardianship was tasked with establishing shelters for mothers and children, including nursery shelters, milk kitchens, children’s clinics, maternity shelters, and the like, as well as promoting sound principles of infant care and feeding. It was to unite all initiatives for the protection of motherhood and infancy, and to maintain links among all institutions and individuals contributing to the achievement of the guardianship’s stated goals. In 1916–1918, the All-Russian Guardianship published the journal "Protection of Motherhood and Infancy."