"All-Russian Guardianship for the Protection of Motherhood and Infancy" was a charitable institution established on the initiative of Emperor Nicholas II with the aim of reducing infant mortality in the Russian Empire.
It operated under the patronage of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. The guardianship’s charter was approved on May 4, 1913. By decree of May 31, 1913, Nicholas II allocated capital in the amount of 1,010,000 rubles, together with accrued interest, for the establishment of the guardianship; this sum had been donated to his disposal by private commercial banks in St. Petersburg and Moscow to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the accession of the House of Romanov.
The guardianship was tasked with establishing shelters for mothers and children, including nursery shelters, milk kitchens, children’s clinics, maternity shelters, and the like, as well as promoting sound ideas regarding infant care and nutrition. It was also to unite all initiatives for the protection of motherhood and infancy and to maintain links among all institutions and individuals contributing to the achievement of the goals set for the guardianship. In 1916–1918, the All-Russian Guardianship published the journal "Protection of Motherhood and Infancy".