Mohyliv-Podilskyi became part of Russia in 1795, under the Second Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and in 1811 it was bought out from the Potocki family into the state treasury. However, from the time of its founding until 1812, when Bessarabia also became part of Russia, Mohyliv remained a border town.
On January 6, 1918, Soviet power was established here, but soon it was occupied by Austro-German troops. On August 14, 1918, an uprising began here against the German occupiers and their collaborators, but after 20 hours it was suppressed. Later, the city found itself in the combat zone of the Civil War, and during the Polish-Soviet War in 1920 it was temporarily captured by Polish troops.
In 1923 it received its modern name, Mohyliv-Podilskyi, and became the center of the Mohyliv District of the Mohyliv-Podilskyi Okrug of the Podolia Governorate of the Ukrainian SSR.
In February 1924, Mohyliv-Podilskyi became the deployment location of the 24th Border Detachment.
From 1925 it was the center of the Mohyliv District of the Mohyliv-Podilskyi Okrug of the Ukrainian SSR; from 1930, the center of the Mohyliv District of the Ukrainian SSR.
On February 27, 1932, the city and the Mohyliv District became part of Vinnytsia Oblast.