Ration card system — a system of supplying the population with consumer goods under conditions of shortage. Under this system, to buy a product one had not only to pay money for it, but also to present a one-time coupon entitling the holder to purchase it. Ration cards (coupons) set specific monthly per-person consumption norms for goods.
The essence of the coupon system is that to purchase a scarce product it was necessary not only to pay money, but also to hand over a special coupon authorizing the purchase of that product.
Coupons for food and certain consumer goods were obtained at one’s place of registered residence from the housing office. At the workplace (usually through the trade-union committee), distribution was organized for some food and industrial goods obtained via in-kind exchange between enterprises.
The reason for the emergence of the coupon system was the shortage of certain mass-consumption goods.
The goal of introducing coupons was to provide the population with a minimally guaranteed set of goods. Demand was expected to fall, since without a coupon the corresponding goods were effectively not sold in the state retail network. In practice, it was sometimes impossible to use coupons if the relevant goods were not available in stores. Some goods, if they were in surplus, were sold without coupons even though coupons were issued for them as well—for example, for salt.
Without a coupon, goods could be bought at markets and from speculators.
The assumed consumption norm could differ depending on the status of the locality; thus, when butter rationing was introduced in the Chelyabinsk Region in 1981, the norm for Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk, and five other large cities was 200 grams per person per month; for some smaller towns, 150 grams; for most localities, 100 grams. The extent to which coupons were backed by specific products could vary; thus, with a guaranteed norm of 2 kilograms of meat products per person per month, in the Chelyabinsk Region in 1983 coupons were redeemed as 67% sausage, 23% poultry meat, and 10% beef and pork (mainly for war invalids and diabetics). In 1985 the supply situation for meat products worsened, and coupons were redeemed mainly for boiled sausage, pork, and lean mutton.
Perestroika, on the one hand, partially abolished mandatory state deliveries, and on the other hand eliminated the foreign-trade monopoly, as a result of which exporting enterprises and cooperatives accumulated large amounts of money not backed by commodity supply. This led to a growing shortage of certain goods and some expansion of the coupon system; and as shortages spread in 1989–1990, coupons were introduced almost everywhere for many food products and some other goods (tobacco products, vodka, sausage, soap, tea, grains, salt, sugar; in some cases, in remote areas, bread, milk, mayonnaise, laundry detergent, women’s underwear, etc.).
Since large and “closed” cities of the USSR were supplied with food better than the provinces, in attempts to stop nonresidents from taking scarce goods (meat, meat and fish products) out of the city, the leadership of certain cities began to put forward ideas to introduce meat coupons. In the late 1970s and the first half of the 1980s, amid a growing food deficit, in some cities and regions of the country (Perm, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Vologda, Zheleznogorsk, and others) attempts were made to regulate consumption by introducing rationing and coupons for certain types of food (meat, meat products, sausage, animal butter).
The coupon system began to be introduced on a large scale in 1989 and became most widespread in 1990–1991, when the total shortage reached its peak; both meat products and everyday items that previously had not been scarce began to disappear: sugar, grains, vegetable oil, and others.
The coupon system faded away from the beginning of 1992 due to price liberalization, which caused hyperinflation (in 1992 alone, prices increased 26-fold) and the spread of free trade. For some goods in certain regions, coupons remained in use longer.